Battles of Islam (Part 2)

1. During Ghazwa Bani Nuzair wine was prohibited.

2. The battle of Khandaq is also known as battle of Ahzab.

3. Conquest of Makkah was took place on 20 Ramzan.

4. Battle in which prophet not participated is known as Saria.

5. Hazrat Hamza was the first commander of Islamic Army.

6. In Uhd battle Muslim women participated firstly.

7. Battle of Mauta was the first non-Arab War.

8. 3000 was the number of Muslims at the battle of Ditch.

9. Last Ghazwa- Tabuk.

10. First Islamic Non-Arab was battle of Mautta 8. A.H.

11. In Battle of Uhad, the teeth of Holy Prophet were martyred.

12. Abu Jahal was killed in Battle of Badr by Maaz (add)

13. In Hudabiya Sohail bin Amru represented Quraysh.

14. Battle of Hunain fought b/w Muslims and Hawazin Tribe.

15. Batttle of Tabuk was against the Roman Emperor Heraclius.

16. The first Shaheed (Martyr) was Amaar bin Yaasir

17. First female martyr: Summaya (mother of Amaar bin Yaasir)

18. The first person to be martyred in the Battle of Badr was the freed slave of Hazrat Umar : Muhaj’jah

19. Battle of chains was fought b/w Persians and the Muslims.

10. Umar bin Abdual Aziz is considered as the 5th Khalifa.

11. Abdul Malik was the poet ruler of Ummaya.

12. Karballa took place on 10th Muharram 61 A.H/ 680 A.D

13. Hazrat Khalid bin Walid accepted Islam in 8th A.H.

14. During the caliphate of Umar (RA) Iran was conquered.

15. Battle of Yermuk was fought in 634 A.D.:

16. Khyber conquest made in 7th Hijra (628 A.D)

17. The Ghazwa in which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) missed four prayers was Ghazwa Khandaq.

18. First woman martyr Samiya by Abu Jahl.

19. First man martyr Haris bin Abi Hala.

20. Jihad means to strive hard.

21. Jihad made obligatory in 2nd A.H.

22. The battle was forbidden in Arabs in the month of Muharam.

23. Ghazwa-e-Tabook was fought in 9 A.H.

Battles of Islam (Part 1)

1. First Ghazwa is Widdan or Abwa in 1 A.

2. 624 Battle of Badr. 2hij

3. 625 Battle of Uhad. 3hij

4. 626 Battle of Rajih. 4hij

5. 627 Battle of Khandaq (Ahzab) 5hij.

6. 628, Treaty of Hudaibiya, Hazrat Khalid bin Walid Accepted Islam, Conquest of Khyber.6hij

7. 629, Battle of Mutah, Preaching of Islam to various kings.7hij

8. 630, Battle of Hunain, Conquest of Makkah.8hij

9. 631, Battle of Tabuk. 9hij

10. 632, Hajjat-ul-Wida.10hij

11. 680, Tragedy of Karballah.61hij

12. Badr is a village.

13. Battle of Bard was fought on 17th Ramzan.

14. Battle of Uhd was fought on 5th Shawal.

15. Battle Badar Ghazwa is named as Furqan.

16. Uhd is a hill.

17. Yom-ul Furaqn is called to Yom ul Badar.

18. Fath Mobeen is called to Sulah Hudaibiah.

19. Number of soldiers in Badar, Muslim 313 Kufar 1000

20.After Badr conquest, Prophet stayed for 3 days there.

21. Badr was fought for 3 times.

22. Martyr of Badr Muslims 14 Kufar 70

23. Leader of the Kufar in this battle was Abu Jahl.

24. Number of Muslim martyrs in the battle of Uhad 70

25. In Uhad quraish were laid by Abu Sufwan.

26. In Uhad number of Muslim soldiers 1000 kufar 3000.

27. Ahzab means Allies.

28. Ditch dug on border of Syria with help of 3000 companions in 2 weeks.

29. Muslim strength 1600.

30. Khyber was captured in 20 days.

Offer/Proposal [Section 2 (a)] 

An offer is the starting point in the making of an agreement. An offer is also called 'proposal'. 

According to Section 2(a) of The Contract Act, 1872, ‘When one person signifies to another, his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of the other, to such an act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal’.

Offer is a crucial element that forms the basis of any contract. It is a proposal made by one party to another, indicating a willingness to enter into an agreement on certain terms and conditions. The terms of the offer must be definite and certain, leaving no room for ambiguity or confusion. This ensures that the parties involved understand the nature of the agreement they are entering into.

For an offer to be valid, it must indicate the intention of the offeror to be bound by the terms of the offer in case of acceptance by the offeree. This means that the offeror must be willing to enter into a legally binding agreement, and the offeree must be able to accept the offer on the terms presented.

An offer can be made in several ways, including in writing, orally, or by conduct. The mode of communication of the offer is not material as long as it is clear and unambiguous. The offer can be addressed to a particular person, a group of persons, or the public at large.

However, it's essential to note that an invitation to offer or a mere expression of willingness to negotiate or discuss the terms of an agreement is not an offer under the Contract Act. For instance, a price list displayed in a shop window is not an offer but an invitation to offer. The customer makes the offer to buy, and the shopkeeper accepts the offer by providing the goods or services on the terms stated in the price list.

Essential Elements of an Offer

1. There must be two parties:

It must be made by one person to another person. For a valid offer, there must be two parties. In other words, there can be no proposal by a person to himself.

Example: X says to Y that he wants to sell his car to himself for 1 lakh. There is no proposal because there can be no proposal by a person to himself.

2. Willingness:

It must be an expression of willingness to do (i.e. a positive act) or to abstain from doing something (i.e. a negative act).

Example: X offers to sell his car to Y for 1 lakh. It is a positive act on the part of X.

Example: X offers not to file a suit against Y if Y pays X the outstanding amount of Rs. 1,00,000. It is a negative act on the part of X.

3. Communication of offer: 

The offer must be communicated to the offeree, either directly or indirectly, through conduct or other means.

4. Intention to create legal relations: 

The offer must indicate the intention of the offeror to enter into a legally binding agreement with the offeree.

5. Definite and certain terms: 

The terms of the offer must be clear, specific, and unambiguous, leaving no room for confusion or misunderstandings.

6. Capacity to contract: 

The parties involved in the offer must have the legal capacity to enter into a contract, which means they must be of sound mind, of legal age, and not disqualified by law.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has pledged to offer financial support worth $1 billion to Pakistan, as announced by the country's finance minister, Ishaq Dar. This announcement comes after a visit by a delegation from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in January of this year, which failed to resolve a deadlock over fiscal policy adjustments. However, experts have raised doubts over the effectiveness of such promises, as similar pledges have been made in the past without being fully realized.

The IMF has set forth a list of conditions that must be met for any loan package to be approved, including the removal of subsidies, increasing taxes, and eliminating an artificial cap on the value of the Pakistani rupee. Pakistan had previously entered into a $6 billion IMF programme in 2019, which was subsequently increased to $6.5 billion last year. 

It remains to be seen whether the $1 billion in financial support from the UAE will be enough to meet the IMF's conditions and resolve the ongoing fiscal policy deadlock in Pakistan. Nevertheless, this news is likely to be welcomed by the Pakistani government, which has been struggling to secure international support amidst a challenging economic climate.

Insights of Article 

The Supreme Court of Pakistan has taken action against the government officials responsible for failing to disburse Rs21bn in funds for elections in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The officials who have been issued notices include those from the finance ministry, State Bank of Pakistan, the Attorney General for Pakistan and the Election Commission of Pakistan. 

This action by the Supreme Court follows a report by the Election Commission which revealed that the government had shown reluctance in releasing the funds required for the election. It is believed that the government is delaying the polls, and Finance Minister Ishaq Dar has tabled a bill in the National Assembly and Senate seeking the release of funds for holding elections in both provinces. 

This delay in the election process has raised concerns over the government's commitment to ensuring free and fair elections. The Supreme Court's intervention is a positive step towards ensuring that the election process is conducted in a transparent manner and that all necessary funds are released timely to ensure that the election process is not compromised. 

Insights of this Article

1. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is taking action against officials responsible for failing to disburse election funds, which suggests a lack of accountability and transparency in the election process.

2. The delay in the election process may raise concerns about the government's commitment to ensuring free and fair elections.

3. The Finance Minister has tabled a bill in the National Assembly and Senate seeking the release of funds for both provinces, which suggests that the government may have been reluctant to release funds for the election.